History & Memory

Turkey’s First Amphibious Assault Ship

TCG Anadolu (L-400) of the Turkish Navy docked in Istanbul – © David H. Enzel, 2023

The Turkish Navy received its largest vessel on April 10, 2023. I had the good fortune to see it up close while I was visiting Istanbul. The new ship was docked very near my cruise ship.

Woman capturing a photo of TCG Anadolu (L-400) of the Turkish Navy in Istanbul. – © David H. Enzel, 2023

According to Reuters, Turkey aims to extend its drone capabilities from land-based to naval operations amid increased regional tensions as war rages in Ukraine on the other side of the Black Sea.

The ship is called the Anadolu (L-400). It is an amphibious assault ship that can be configured as a V/STOL (vertical and/or short take-off and landing) aircraft carrier. It is named after the peninsula of Anatolia (Turkish: Anadolu) which forms the majority of the landmass of Turkey. Construction began in 2016 in Istanbul. The TCG Anadolu was commissioned on April 10, 2023.

The TCG Anadolu can handle only light aircraft, chiefly helicopters and jets that can take off from shorter runways. Even so, the ship is impressive. It has a 5,440 m2 (58,600 sq ft) flight deck and a 990 m2 (10,700 sq ft) aviation hangar which can accommodate either 12 medium-sized helicopters or 8 Boeing CH-47F Chinook heavy-lift helicopters. When the aviation hangar and the light cargo garage are unified, the ship can carry up to 25 medium-sized helicopters. Alternatively, the ship can carry up to 10 American-made F-35B STOVL fighter jets and 12 medium-sized helicopters, with the possibility of hosting six more helicopters on the flight deck of the ship.

The new ship is a source of national pride for Turkey.

Constitution Gardens

Consitution Gardens at Sunrise – © David H. Enzel, 2023

Constitution Gardens is located between the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the World War II Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.

Constitution Gardens, Washington, DC – © David H. Enzel, 2022

The 50-acre park was originally beneath the Potomac River. Near the end of the nineteenth century, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers initiated a dredging project that created the land that became Potomac Park. The U.S. Navy built the Main Navy and Munitions Buildings as temporary offices on the land during World War I. The buildings were demolished in 1971. President Nixon later ordered that a park be established on the land, and in 1976, Constitution Gardens was dedicated as a “living legacy American Revolution Bicentennial tribute.” Constitution Gardens has been a separate park unit since 1982.

Constitution Gardens has a small pond, which contains the Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence on an island open to pedestrians.

Constitution Gardens, Washington, DC – © David H. Enzel, 2020

The First Public Statue of Abraham Lincoln

No, it’s not the Lincoln Memorial.

In 1868, a statue of 16th President Abraham Lincoln sculpted by Lot Flannery was erected on the south side of the former District of Columbia City Hall building (“Old City Hall”) at Judiciary Square. This became the first public monument in Lincoln’s honor. The monument appeared just three years after Lincoln’s assassination on April 15, 1865, at the age of 56.

District of Columbia Court of Appeals, Washington, DC – © David H. Enzel, 2022

The Washington Post reports that 20,000 people gathered to witness the monument’s dedication. All federal and municipal offices were closed. Flags flew at half-mast and cannons boomed every half-hour. Many consider this monument to be the best likeness of Lincoln.

The building itself was built in 1820. It was designed by George Hadfield, who supervised construction of the United States Capitol from October 1795 to May 1798. Hadfield was born in Livorno, Italy in 1763.

The building now houses the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, the highest court of the District of Columbia. Established in 1970, it is equivalent to a state supreme court, except that its authority is derived from the United States Congress rather than from the inherent sovereignty of the states.

Pont Alexandre III, Paris

The Pont Alexandre III is a deck arch bridge that spans the Seine in Paris. It connects the Champs-Élysées quarter with those of the Invalides and Eiffel Tower. The bridge is widely regarded as the most ornate, extravagant bridge in the city. It has been classified as a French monument historique since 1975.

Pont Alexandre III, Paris – © David H. Enzel, 2022

The Beaux-Arts style bridge, with its exuberant Art Nouveau lamps, cherubs, nymphs and winged horses at either end, was built between 1896 and 1900. It is named after Tsar Alexander III, who had concluded the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1892. His son Nicholas II laid the foundation stone in October 1896. The style of the bridge reflects that of the Grand Palais, to which it leads on the right bank.

The next bridge upstream on the Seine is Pont de la Concorde and the next bridge downstream is Pont des Invalides, which is the lowest bridge crossing the Seine.

The Pont Alexandre III is one of 37 bridges and footbridges in Paris that cross the river Seine.

In the 1985 James Bond movie A View to Kill, Bond jumps from the Pont Alexandre III into a boat to catch a mysterious killer.

Learning About the Holocaust

Marc Chagall’s America Windows, Art Institute of Chicago – © David H. Enzel, 2020

What Was the Holocaust?

The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were “racially superior” and that the Jews, deemed “inferior,” were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. In 1933, the Jewish population of Europe stood at over nine million. Most European Jews lived in countries that Nazi Germany would occupy or influence during World War II. By 1945, the Germans and their collaborators killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as part of the “Final Solution,” the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe. Although Jews, whom the Nazis deemed a priority danger to Germany, were the primary victims of Nazi racism, other victims included some 200,000 Roma (Gypsies). At least 200,000 mentally or physically disabled patients, mainly Germans, living in institutional settings, were murdered in the so-called Euthanasia Program.

Reliable Internet Resources

Holocaust Remembrance Days

There are two main Holocaust Remembrance Days : 

  • Yom Hashoah, designated by Israel. Yom Hashoah marks the anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising. 
  • International Holocaust Remembrance Day designated by the United Nations (UN). International Holocaust Remembrance Day marks the liberation of Auschwitz.

Holocaust Timelines

Books

Films

Podcasts

‘The program of action against the Jews included disenfranchisement, stigmatization, denial of civil rights, subjecting their persons and property to violence, deportation, enslavement, enforced labour, starvation, murder, and mass extermination. The extent to which the conspirators succeeded in their purpose can only be estimated, but the annihilation was substantially complete in many localities of Europe. Of the 9,600,000 Jews who lived in the parts of Europe under Nazi domination, it is conservatively estimated that 5,700,000 have disappeared, most of them deliberately put to death by the Nazi conspirators. Only remnants of the Jewish population of Europe remain.’

Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945-1 October 1946 (Nuremberg: International Military Tribunal, 1947), vol. 1, 34.

Last updated: November 24, 2024

When Crêpes Were Popular in Washington

Streets of Washington on Flickr

I visited Washington for the first time as part of a weekend trip organized by my high school’s French club in the 1970s. We ate at Maison des Crêpes. I enjoyed it. The restaurant is long gone but I remember it and my trip when I pass by its former location in Georgetown.

The Streets of Washington blog recently shared this photograph of the Maison des Crêpes on Flickr and explained its history:

Maison des Crepes originally opened as La Crepe in 1967 at 1305 Wisconsin Avenue NW in Georgetown. It was the creation of Paris-born Jacques Vivien (1925-2010), who began his Washington career as the maitre d’ at The Jockey Club. Vivien was riding a fashion craze for creperies when he opened Washington’s first. He decorated the restaurant in French provincial style and had his waitresses decked out in Breton costumes. Eventually two other locations would open, and all would remain popular, especially with tourists, despite sometimes poor reviews from local dining critics. The original restaurant in Georgetown closed in the early 1980s.

This brought back nice memories. That weekend trip was wonderful.

You can read more about the restaurant here.

U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum

U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC – © David H. Enzel, 2021

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the official memorial of the United States to the Holocaust. The Museum provides for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history. It is dedicated to helping people confront hatred, prevent genocide, promote human dignity, and strengthen democracy.

Since its dedication in 1993, the Museum has welcomed more than 47 million visitors, including 100 heads of state and more than 11 million school-age children. The Museum’s Holocaust Encyclopedia is the world’s leading online authority on the Holocaust. It’s available in 19 languages and was visited in 2021 by more than 21 million people representing 238 countries and territories.

Washington Post columnist George Will said this of the museum on the occasion of its 25th anniversary in 2018:

[T]he museum presents human nature’s noblest as well as vilest manifestation. *** Located just off the Mall, one of the world’s most pleasant urban spaces and the epicenter of American politics, the museum inflicts an assaultive, excruciating knowing: Nothing — nothing — is unthinkable, and political institutions by themselves provide no permanent safety from barbarism, which permanently lurks beneath civilization’s thin, brittle crust. This is why the Holocaust is the dark sun into which this democracy should peer.

Admission to the museum is free. However, timed-entry tickets are required to enter the permanent exhibition. If you can’t book in advance, same-day tickets are available in limited quantity online each day at 7 a.m. ET. 

The Museum is open every day except on Yom Kippur and Christmas Day.

My father, Abram Enzel, survived the Holocaust. His oral history is available online through the Museum.

Vintage Images of Washington

The Streets of Washington blog and Flickr feed show many vintage and hard to find images from postcards and other ephemera about historic places in the Washington, D.C. area. It is fascinating to see how the nation’s capital has evolved.

The author, John DeFerrari, is a native Washingtonian with a lifelong passion for local history. He is also a trustee of the D.C. Preservation League.

This is a labor of love. These images are worth perusing and preserving.

St Thomas Episcopal Church

Stella Tennant (1970-2020)

Stella Tennant, a gorgeous iconic model and fashion designer, died in Scotland on December 22, 2020. She was 50 years old.

Culture and style critic Guy Trebay, writing for The New York Times, explains that Tennant had deep aristocratic roots but “wore her rarefied heritage lightly throughout her three-decade run in fashion.”

She was photographed by top photographers including Steven Meisel and Bruce Weber.

A sad end of an era, way too soon.

Remembering Lindy’s – ‘The Best Little Carry-Out in Washington’

The friendly people of Lindy’s in 2003. © David H. Enzel, 2003

I was born and raised in Pittsburgh. I attended the University of Pittsburgh, which is an urban campus. After moving to Washington, I always liked the George Washington University (GW) campus. I could relate to it as an urban campus in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington.

In 2004, Lindy’s celebrated its 30th anniversary. © David H. Enzel, 2004

For years I enjoyed the burgers and fries at Lindy’s Red Lion (“The Best Little Carry-Out in Washington”). It was an institution on the GW campus. It was rumored that President Gerald Ford liked Lindy’s burgers and as President would send Secret Service agents to pick up burgers for him from Lindy’s. In 2008, The GW Hatchet confirmed this rumor with the owner of Lindy’s. I sure hope it’s true. I have fond memories of Lindy’s and the friendly people who worked there.

Lindy’s closed in June of 2018 and was then vacant. It is now a barber shop.

Lindy’s is now a barber shop. © David H. Enzel, 2020